Chemists are reporting a major advance toward developing a safer, fully-synthetic version of heparin, the widely used blood thinner currently produced from pig intestines.
Chemists are reporting a major advance toward developing a safer, fully-synthetic version of heparin, the widely used blood thinner currently produced from pig intestines. The US Food and Drug Administration last spring linked contaminated batches of the animal-based product imported from China to more than 80 deaths and hundreds of allergic reactions among patients exposed to the drug for kidney dialysis and other conditions.
Described at the ACS’s 236th National Meeting, the purer, non-animal version could improve the drug’s safety and bolster regulatory control of its manufacture, the researchers say. Scientists expect demand for heparin, which prevents blood clots, to increase in the future due to rising rates of diabetes, heart disease, and other health complications linked to sedentary lifestyles. Global heparin sales total about $4 billion annually.
Robert J. Linhardt, PhD, a chemist with Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, NY and co-author of the study, points out that processing of pig intestines to extract the raw materials is often done in small, family-run workshops in China, which supplies about 70% of the world’s heparin. Those small shops often fall outside the normal supervision and regulatory control standard in the pharmaceutical industry. The lack of oversight increases the risks of heparin contamination or adulteration with harmful chemicals, viruses, or other agents, he says.
“If heparin is prepared the right way, it should be consistent and safe, even from an animal source,” says Linhardt, who was part of the team that identified the suspected chemical contaminant in the Chinese heparin. The contaminant, called oversulfated chondroitin sulfate, can cause life-threatening allergic reactions. Heparin supplies containing the contaminant have now been recalled.
Researchers have been trying for years to develop heparin production methods that don’t require pig intestines. The first so-called total synthesis of heparin, developed in 2003 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT, Cambridge, MA), was not practical. It produced only minute batches of heparin-less than 0.000000035 ounces at a time-and could not be scaled up for commercial use, Linhardt says.
Working with Jian Liu, PhD, a medicinal chemist with the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, and Jonathan Dordick, PhD, a Rensselaer chemical engineer, Linhardt’s team now has developed an alternative synthesis method that boosts heparin production a million times higher than the MIT technique. The scientists employed a patented biotechnology approach that uses powerful enzymes to string together the individual carbohydrate units that form the pure heparin polymer. “Our biotech version of heparin will be prepared in a controlled environment ensuring that it is pure and free of contaminants,” Linhardt says.
So far, only small amounts of the new heparin have been produced in the laboratory using this technique, called “chemoenzymatic synthesis.” But Linhardt reports that the new approach can be used to produce the drug on a larger scale, suitable for industrial manufacture. Cost, dosing, and administration of the new drug should be the same as conventional, animal-based heparin, he notes.
Linhardt plans to begin testing the synthetic heparin on animals this summer. If these and other tests are successful, he estimates that the new heparin could reach the consumer market in two to five years.
For more information on the heparin situation, see BioPharm’s previous news coverage.
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FDA Finds "Heparin-like" Contaminant in Heparin API
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Letters Sent to Baxter and FDA Request Answers on Heparin Situation
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