Upstream Processing

Yeast systems have been a staple for producing large amounts of proteins for industrial and biopharmaceutical use for many years. Yeast can be grown to very high cell mass densities in well-defined medium. Recombinant proteins in yeast can be over-expressed so the product is secreted from the cell and available for recovery in the fermentation solution. Proteins secreted by yeasts are heavily glycosylated at consensus glycosylation sites. Thus, expression of recombinant proteins in yeast systems historically has been confined to proteins where post-translations glycosylation patterns do not affect the function of proteins. Several yeast expression systems are used for recombinant protein expression, including Sacharomyces, Scizosacchromyces pombe, Pichia pastoris and Hansanuela polymorpha.

Managing codon pair interactions and simultaneously optimizing the entire set of parameters requires advanced computationally intensive design tools.

Rapid, efficient, and cost-effective protein expression and purification strategies are required for high throughput structural genomics and the production of therapeutic proteins. Fusion protein technology represents one strategy to achieve these goals. Fusion protein technology can facilitate purification, enhance protein expression and solubility, chaperone proper folding, reduce protein degradation, and in some cases, generate protein with a native N-terminus. No technology or reagent is a panacea, however, and establishing tools and optimal conditions for each protein remains an empirical exercise. With this in mind, protein fusions are a leading option to produce difficult-to-express proteins, especially in Escherichia coli.

The speed at which a recombinant protein product progresses into clinical trials is of vital importance for both small biotechnology companies as well as the biopharma groups of large pharmaceutical companies. For mammalian cell lines, two major impacts on the project timeline are the ability to quickly identify a product candidate and subsequently produce a high-expressing cell line for that product. The advent of various computer-based protein design methodologies and antibody discovery technologies for developing protein therapeutics has resulted in large numbers of protein or antibody variants that must be screened to identify the best clinical candidate.

Development guidelines for MAbs serve as a blueprint for their manufacture, safety, and efficacy testing.

Human infections with avian flu strain H5N1 are occurring in a number of southeast Asian countries that have experienced large outbreaks of avian influenza. How great a risk to the human population is posed by this virus, and what steps can be taken to minimize its impact? Preventive vaccines have great potential to avert the spread of avian flu and other infectious diseases. What are the factors affecting the creation of new vaccines, and how can they be optimized to promote public health?

The cell density achieved in a CELLine bioreactor is typically 1 to 2 orders of magnitude higher than in a conventional culture vessel

Use of a fermentor for cell culture study advances research in directions previously thought unimaginable.

Pharma industry equipment utilization hovers below 40 percent, which would be an unacceptable figure in most industries.

Various methods for transfecting molecules such as DNA, RNA, proteins, or drugs with high efficiency and low toxicity have been implemented and optimized for many different cell types. These include widely used techniques such as chemical transfection (lipid-based techniques), the use of viral vectors and electroporation.

Subcutaneous administration is likely to be an important factor in generating an immunogenic response.

Cell-line and process development expertise, along with disposable systems, assist in implementing strategies for fast expression enhancements.

Strategies for accurate speciation and case studies for the detection of cell line cross-contamination using a commercial kit.

Saturated fractional factorial plans minimize the number of trials by one-half or better, which saves time and money.

Once a necessary "magic ingredient" of media for mammalian cell culture, serum is rapidly being eliminated from media for biotherapeutic processes.

When you don't know the answer to a question, ask an expert. If the question is really big, ask more experts. If you have a collection of difficult questions, run a poll of many experts. That, in effect, was the impetus for Eden Biodesign to survey 670 BioPharm International subscribers with questions as to what will be the development mechanism to achieve safe, effective, and cheap new medicines.

There are challenges aplenty in purification and analysis of PEGylated protein pharmaceuticals. Here are a variety of technical solutions, many concentrating on the chemistry of the linker.

Lot-to-lot variations between raw materials can greatly impact process performance.

Disposable products and systems have come a long way since they first entered the small-lab market in the 1970s. Today they are available for practically every aspect of biopharmaceutical manufacturing. Disposable systems are used for filtration, clarification, purification, and separation applications used in the production of vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, and other therapies. As the use of disposable systems grows, the concept of a completely disposable manufacturing process is becoming a reality.

Manufacturing changes - such as changes in formulation or source material - can impact a product’s immunogenicity.

In order to institute a GxP mindset across the organization, support and respect for quality systems should come from the top down.

A profusion of present-day bioreactor and fermentor systems offers remarkably diverse capabilities, ranging from microfluidics to bulk production vats, simple petri dishes to complex artificial organ cultivators, and suspension, adhesion, perfusion, and many other culture management methods. Each of these systems is well suited to address specific research problems, but few are widely adaptable to diverse experiment demands - such as those conducted in space.